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docs: netfilter_xtcompat (CVE-2021-22555) — empirical note on primitive difficulty
Attempted the most tractable kernel primitive to gauge the frontier. Kernel
confirmed vulnerable (focal GA 5.4.0-26 and a provisioned mainline 5.8.0, both
pre the 5.4.0-77/5.8.0-53 fix). But Andy Nguyen's well-regarded single-file
public exploit consistently fails at STAGE 1 ("could not corrupt any primary
message") on both — it is tuned for Ubuntu's exact 5.8.0-48-generic slab config
(freelist randomisation / memcg kmem accounting / SLUB merge), which mainline
kernels don't match, and Ubuntu's EOL 5.8.0-48 HWE debs aren't readily
sourceable. Recorded in docs/EXPLOITED.md: kernel primitives are
config-and-version-specific exploit-dev — even a reference exploit needs its
exact target kernel image + per-target tuning + a full port, a per-primitive
multi-session effort. No code change; documentation of the empirical result.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_0118iUgHY44hdRtANgyCmu7y
2026-07-23 23:49:28 -04:00

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{"module":"pwnkit","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:26:02Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-169-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"cgroup_release_agent","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:32:07Z","host_kernel":"5.10.0-27-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)","vm_box":"generic/debian11","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"netfilter_xtcompat","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:33:56Z","host_kernel":"5.10.0-27-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)","vm_box":"generic/debian11","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"fuse_legacy","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:35:49Z","host_kernel":"5.10.0-27-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)","vm_box":"generic/debian11","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"dirty_pipe","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:43:04Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"OK","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"dirty_pipe","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:44:38Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"OK","actual_detect":"OK","status":"match"}
{"module":"entrybleed","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:50:32Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"overlayfs","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:52:09Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-169-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"overlayfs_setuid","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:54:09Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"sudoedit_editor","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:56:04Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"PRECOND_FAIL","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"nft_fwd_dup","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:57:46Z","host_kernel":"5.10.0-27-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)","vm_box":"generic/debian11","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"ptrace_traceme","verified_at":"2026-05-23T19:59:24Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"?","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"sudo_samedit","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:00:52Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"?","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"af_packet","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:02:23Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"?","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"pack2theroot","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:04:20Z","host_kernel":"6.1.0-17-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)","vm_box":"generic/debian12","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"OK","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"cls_route4","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:13:16Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-43-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"nft_payload","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:15:45Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-43-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"af_packet2","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:18:13Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-169-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"sequoia","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:20:38Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-169-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"ptrace_traceme","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:23:07Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"sudo_samedit","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:23:51Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"af_packet","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:24:35Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"OK","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"pack2theroot","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:25:19Z","host_kernel":"6.1.0-17-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)","vm_box":"generic/debian12","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"PRECOND_FAIL","status":"MISMATCH"}
{"module":"sudoedit_editor","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:26:02Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"PRECOND_FAIL","actual_detect":"PRECOND_FAIL","status":"match"}
{"module":"af_packet","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:27:39Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"OK","actual_detect":"OK","status":"match"}
{"module":"pack2theroot","verified_at":"2026-05-23T20:28:23Z","host_kernel":"6.1.0-17-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)","vm_box":"generic/debian12","expect_detect":"PRECOND_FAIL","actual_detect":"PRECOND_FAIL","status":"match"}
{"module":"nf_tables","verified_at":"2026-05-23T21:22:59Z","host_kernel":"5.15.5-051505-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"af_unix_gc","verified_at":"2026-05-23T21:27:13Z","host_kernel":"5.15.5-051505-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"nft_set_uaf","verified_at":"2026-05-23T21:30:41Z","host_kernel":"5.15.5-051505-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"stackrot","verified_at":"2026-05-23T21:34:12Z","host_kernel":"6.1.10-060110-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"sudo_chwoot","verified_at":"2026-05-24T02:39:11Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-91-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"udisks_libblockdev","verified_at":"2026-05-24T02:44:17Z","host_kernel":"6.1.0-17-amd64","host_distro":"Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)","vm_box":"generic/debian12","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"nft_pipapo","verified_at":"2026-05-24T03:27:10Z","host_kernel":"5.15.5-051505-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"sudo_runas_neg1","verified_at":"2026-05-24T03:29:18Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-213-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu1804","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"tioscpgrp","verified_at":"2026-05-24T03:31:08Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2004","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"dirtydecrypt","verified_at":"2026-05-24T05:16:27Z","host_kernel":"6.19.7-061907-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS","vm_box":"generic/ubuntu2204","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"refluxfs","verified_at":"2026-07-23T21:45:28Z","host_kernel":"5.14.0-687.10.1.el9_8.0.1.x86_64","host_distro":"Rocky Linux 9.8 (Blue Onyx)","vm_box":"rocky9-genericcloud/qemu-kvm","expect_detect":"VULNERABLE","actual_detect":"VULNERABLE","status":"match"}
{"module":"overlayfs","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (frozen 20200423)","vm_box":"ubuntu2004-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"uid=0(root); wrote /root/","status":"root"}
{"module":"pwnkit","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (frozen 20200423)","vm_box":"ubuntu2004-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"uid=0(root); wrote /root/ (after gconv-layout fix)","status":"root"}
{"module":"sudo_samedit","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (frozen 20200423), sudo 1.8.31","vm_box":"ubuntu2004-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none — honest fail (heap not landed)","status":"exploit_fail_honest"}
{"module":"cgroup_release_agent","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (frozen 20200423)","vm_box":"ubuntu2004-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none — honest fail (cgroup/userns precondition on this host)","status":"exploit_fail_honest"}
{"module":"dirty_pipe","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (frozen 20200423)","vm_box":"ubuntu2004-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"detect","expect_detect":"OK","actual_detect":"OK","root_witness":"n/a — 5.4 predates the bug (5.8), correctly not-vulnerable","status":"match"}
{"module":"overlayfs_setuid","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0 (frozen, genuinely vuln - predates Ubuntu 5.15.0-70 fix)","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - module technique broken (chown merged carrier: EPERM); needs CVE-2023-0386 FUSE copy-up PoC port","status":"needs_fix"}
{"module":"dirty_pipe","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0 (frozen)","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - kernel 5.15.0-25.25 likely carries Ubuntu backported fix (USN-5317); detect is version-blind. Needs a pre-fix kernel to verify exploit","status":"inconclusive_backport"}
{"module":"ptrace_traceme","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-50-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.2 (frozen, genuinely vuln - pre 4.15.0-58 fix)","vm_box":"ubuntu1804-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK(FALSE)","root_witness":"NONE - false positive. PTRACE_ATTACH to parent(1) EPERM, wrong technique; reports OK via exec-transfer. Needs CVE-2019-13272 PoC port","status":"false_positive"}
{"module":"sudo_samedit","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-50-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.2, sudo 1.8.21p2","vm_box":"ubuntu1804-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - honest fail (heap not landed on this libc)","status":"exploit_fail_honest"}
{"module":"sudo_runas_neg1","verified_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-50-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.2, sudo 1.8.21p2 + sudoers (ALL,!root) rule","vm_box":"ubuntu1804-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"uid=0(root) via sudo -u#-1; module popped root shell","status":"root"}
{"module":"cgroup_release_agent","verified_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.0","vm_box":"ubuntu2004-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - fixed 2 real bugs (uid_map read post-unshare; missing CLONE_NEWCGROUP). Now sets up userns+cgroupns+mount correctly, but on stock systemd host ALL v1 controllers are pre-mounted (release_agent init-owned=EACCES) and named-hierarchy mount is EPERM. Reachable only in a container context (CAP_SYS_ADMIN / ownable cgroup). Environmental, not a module bug.","status":"env_limited_after_fix"}
{"module":"overlayfs_setuid","verified_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0 (genuinely vuln)","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - non-FUSE chown copy-up gives uid=1000 not root; FUSE-lower overlay mount is ENOSYS in userns. Needs fusermount-in-init-ns FUSE port. Raw /dev/fuse attempt reverted.","status":"needs_fuse_port"}
{"module":"sudoedit_editor","verified_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0, sudo 1.9.9 + sudoers sudoedit grant","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - SUDO_EDITOR/-- injection hits sudoedit writable-dir guard; needs target-file tuning + module debug. Structural, tractable.","status":"needs_debug"}
{"module":"sudoedit_editor","verified_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0, sudo 1.9.9-1ubuntu2 + sudoers sudoedit grant","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"uid=0(root) via su skel; /etc/passwd gained skel::0:0 (after 2 fixes: chdir / + helper basename match)","status":"root"}
{"module":"sudo_host","verified_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0, sudo 1.9.9-1ubuntu2 + host-restricted sudoers rule","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"uid=0(root) via sudo -h fakehost01; module works as shipped (needs host-restricted rule + resolvable host)","status":"root"}
{"module":"nf_tables","verified_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.15.0-25-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04.0","vm_box":"ubuntu2204-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_FAIL","root_witness":"none - offset resolver FIXED (env modprobe_path now resolves + finisher engages + pipapo arb-write fires), but the reconstructed double-free arb-write does not reliably land the write. Honest FAIL. Primitive needs slab-groom hardening.","status":"primitive_fires_no_root"}
{"module":"ptrace_traceme","verified_at":"2026-07-24T02:02:00Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-50-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.0","vm_box":"bionic-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"reference_poc","exploit_result":"ROOT","root_witness":"out-of-band: uid=0(root) + root-owned setuid /tmp/rootbash written by injected shell. bcoles poc.c (pkexec + PTRACE_TRACEME + inject midpid). Kernel CONFIRMED vulnerable. Barrier was polkit authorization (active-session gate) — isolated via a permissive pkla for the backlight helper action; technique itself works.","status":"kernel_confirmed_technique_works_needs_module_port"}
{"module":"ptrace_traceme","verified_at":"2026-07-24T02:12:00Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-50-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.0","vm_box":"bionic-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"out-of-band: skeletonkey --exploit ptrace_traceme (as uid 1000) planted root-owned /tmp/.sk-ptrace-<pid>.proof and a -rwsr-xr-x root:root setuid bash. Ported the proven Jann Horn/bcoles PoC (embedded, runtime-compiled). Precondition: active local session / permissive polkit so pkexec authorizes the helper (isolated via pkla on the headless VM).","status":"working"}
{"module":"sudo_samedit","verified_at":"2026-07-24T02:21:00Z","host_kernel":"4.15.0-50-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 18.04.0","sudo_version":"1.8.21p2","libc":"2.27","vm_box":"bionic-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"out-of-band: skeletonkey --exploit sudo_samedit (as uid 1000, non-sudoer path) planted root-owned proof + -rwsr-xr-x root:root setuid bash. Ported blasty CVE-2021-3156 technique (NSS libnss_X hijack), runtime-compiled payload, primary Ubuntu lengths 56/54/63/212 landed first try.","status":"working"}
{"module":"dirty_pipe","verified_at":"2026-07-24T02:49:00Z","host_kernel":"5.16.0-051600-generic (mainline, pre-5.16.11 fix)","host_distro":"Ubuntu 22.04 userspace","vm_box":"jammy-cloudimg + mainline 5.16.0/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"out-of-band: skeletonkey --exploit dirty_pipe (uid 1000) planted root-owned proof + -rwsr-xr-x root:root setuid bash; /etc/passwd left byte-identical (root:x:0:0) after revert. Fixed 3 bugs: false EXPLOIT_OK, wrong escalation (was flipping own UID + su self), and drop_caches revert that corrupted running passwd. New technique: root passwd-field hash + su over pty + Dirty-Pipe revert.","status":"working"}
{"module":"dirty_cow","verified_at":"2026-07-24T03:22:00Z","host_kernel":"4.8.0-040800-generic (mainline, pre-4.8.3 Dirty COW fix)","host_distro":"Ubuntu 16.04.7","vm_box":"xenial-cloudimg + mainline 4.8.0/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit_standalone","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"out-of-band on a genuinely Dirty-COW-vulnerable kernel: standalone binary built from the module verbatim (dirty_cow_write primitive + find_pw_field_offset + robust poll/timeout dc_su_root_run + exploit body) — race won, su root via pty, planted root-owned proof + -rwsr-xr-x root:root setuid bash, /etc/passwd byte-identical after revert. Confirms the fix (correct escalation, OOB verify, safe revert, readback[512], robust su) lands real root end-to-end. Full skeletonkey binary would not build on xenials 4.4-era uapi headers (unrelated nft_* modern constants).","status":"working"}
{"module":"overlayfs","verified_at":"2026-07-24T03:36:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.0","vm_box":"focal-cloudimg/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"exploit","exploit_result":"EXPLOIT_OK","root_witness":"out-of-band: skeletonkey --exploit overlayfs (uid 1000) — the cap_setuid payload now drops a root-owned proof + -rwsr-xr-x root:root setuid bash; module reports OK only after stat() confirms uid==0. Upgraded from getxattr proxy to direct witness.","status":"working"}
{"module":"netfilter_xtcompat","verified_at":"2026-07-24T04:00:00Z","host_kernel":"5.4.0-26-generic + mainline 5.8.0","host_distro":"Ubuntu 20.04.0","vm_box":"focal-cloudimg (+mainline 5.8.0)/qemu-kvm","verified_kind":"reference_poc_attempt","exploit_result":"REFERENCE_POC_TARGET_MISMATCH","root_witness":"none. CVE-2021-22555 kernel confirmed vulnerable (5.4.0-26 and mainline 5.8.0, both pre-fix). Andy Nguyen public exploit consistently fails STAGE 1 (could not corrupt any primary message) on both mainline kernels — it is tuned for Ubuntu 5.8.0-48-generics exact slab config (freelist-random/memcg). Confirms primitives need exact-target kernel+config + per-target tuning, not drop-in.","status":"primitive_needs_exact_target_kernel"}