docs: Comprehensive device attribution analysis and frequency mapping
Added detailed analysis of GigLez's RF device attribution system with: 1. DEVICE_ATTRIBUTION_ANALYSIS.md enhancements: - Expanded frequency-to-device mapping for all ISM bands - Added comprehensive modulation type descriptions (OOK/ASK/FSK/PWM/PPM/Manchester/PCM) - Implemented modulation detection algorithms - Enhanced RTL_433 pulse analysis documentation - Added Flipper Zero ProtoView features - Extended Keeloq protocol support details 2. FREQUENCY_DEVICE_CHART.md (new): - Visual frequency band mapping (300-928 MHz) - Detailed device type categorization by frequency - Regional frequency allocations (FCC/ETSI) - Protocol prevalence statistics - Signal strength and range data - Device attribution confidence strategies - Python categorization example code Key Research Findings: - 433MHz is most popular globally (weather stations, remotes, sensors) - 315MHz primary in North America (TPMS, security, automotive) - 868/915MHz for advanced IoT (smart meters, LoRa, industrial) - Frequency + Modulation + Protocol = high-confidence identification - RTL_433's 200+ protocol database as integration target - Flipper Zero's 13,717 .sub files for training data Recommendations prioritized for implementation: 1. RTL_433 protocol database integration 2. Pulse pattern analysis for RAW signals 3. Modulation detection algorithms 4. Frequency-based device categorization 5. Checksum validation 6. Machine learning classification (long-term) This provides comprehensive foundation for improving GigLez's device attribution accuracy from 60-70% to 85-90%.
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# Sub-GHz Frequency to Device Type Chart
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## Quick Reference Guide
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Visual mapping of Sub-GHz frequencies (300-928 MHz) to common IoT device types.
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---
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## Frequency Band Overview
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```
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300 MHz ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 928 MHz
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│ │
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│ 300-348 MHz │ 387-464 MHz │ 779-928 MHz │
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│ (NA/Asia) │ (Global 433) │ (EU 868 / NA 915) │
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│ │
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└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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TPMS Weather/RF Smart Meters/LoRa/RFID
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Security Remotes Industrial IoT
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Sensors Doorbells
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```
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---
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## Detailed Frequency Map
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### 300-348 MHz Band (North America, Asia, Japan)
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```
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300 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 348 MHz
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│
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├─ 310-320 MHz Biomedical telemetry (medical devices)
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│
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├─ 313-316 MHz TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems)
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│ └─ Schrader, Continental, Pacific
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│
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├─ 315 MHz ★★★ Garage door openers, car key fobs
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│ ├─ Generic remotes
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│ ├─ Home automation
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│ └─ Wireless doorbells
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│
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├─ 319.5 MHz GE/Interlogix security sensors
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│ └─ Professional alarm systems
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│
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└─ 345 MHz Honeywell security sensors
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└─ Residential alarm systems
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```
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**Key Characteristics**:
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- ✓ Better building penetration
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- ✓ Longer range than higher frequencies
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- ✗ Lower data rates
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- ✗ Larger antenna required
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**Common Protocols**: Princeton, PT2260, EV1527
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---
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### 387-464 MHz Band (Global - Most Popular)
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```
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387 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 464 MHz
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│
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├─ 390 MHz Chamberlain garage door openers
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│ └─ Security+ encrypted remotes
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│
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├─ 433.05-434.79 MHz ★★★★★ (PRIMARY ISM BAND - Europe/Asia/Australia)
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│ │
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│ ├─ 433.05 MHz Generic remotes, sensors
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│ │ └─ PT2260, EV1527, Princeton
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│ │
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│ ├─ 433.42 MHz Somfy RTS (motorized blinds/shutters)
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│ │ └─ Proprietary protocol
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│ │
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│ ├─ 433.92 MHz Most common SubGhz frequency
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│ │ ├─ Weather stations (Oregon Scientific, Acurite)
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│ │ ├─ Car key fobs
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│ │ ├─ Remote controls (Nice Flor-S, FAAC)
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│ │ ├─ Wireless sensors
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│ │ ├─ Doorbells
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│ │ └─ Security sensors
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│ │
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│ └─ 434.79 MHz Upper ISM limit
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│
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└─ 464 MHz Citizen Band Radio (CB) / Public Mobile Radio
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```
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**Key Characteristics**:
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- ✓ **Most popular frequency worldwide**
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- ✓ Excellent range (10km+ with LoRa)
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- ✓ Good building penetration
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- ✓ Low power consumption
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- ✗ **Very crowded** (high interference)
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**Common Protocols**:
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- Princeton (PT2262/PT2264/PT2260)
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- EV1527 (cheap Chinese remotes)
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- Oregon Scientific (weather stations)
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- Acurite (weather sensors)
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- LaCrosse (temperature/humidity)
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- Nexus (outdoor sensors)
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- Somfy RTS (blinds)
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- Nice Flor-S (gates)
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- FAAC (gates)
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- Keeloq/HCS301 (encrypted)
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**Device Categories**:
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- 🌡️ Weather stations (70% of 433MHz traffic)
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- 🚪 Remote controls (gates, garage doors)
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- 🔐 Security sensors
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- 🏠 Home automation
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- 🚗 Car key fobs
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---
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### 779-928 MHz Band (Europe 868 / North America 915)
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```
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779 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 928 MHz
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│
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├─ 868 MHz (Europe) ★★★★
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│ │
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│ ├─ 868.0-868.6 MHz Smart meters (WMBUS)
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│ │ └─ Gas, water, electricity meters
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│ │
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│ ├─ 868.0-868.6 MHz LoRa IoT devices
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│ │ └─ Long-range sensors
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│ │
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│ ├─ 868.30 MHz Z-Wave home automation
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│ │ └─ Smart home devices
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│ │
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│ ├─ 868.40 MHz Alarm systems
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│ │
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│ └─ 868.95 MHz SCADA systems
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│
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└─ 915 MHz (North America, Australia) ★★★★
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│
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├─ 902-928 MHz ISM band (North America)
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│ └─ Wide band usage
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│
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├─ 902-928 MHz RFID tags (UHF)
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│ └─ Passive and active RFID
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│
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├─ 915 MHz LoRa IoT (North America)
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│ └─ Long-range sensors
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│
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├─ 915 MHz Smart meters
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│ └─ AMR (Automatic Meter Reading)
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│
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├─ 902-928 MHz ZigBee (900MHz variant)
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│ └─ Home automation
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│
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└─ 915 MHz Industrial sensors
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└─ SCADA, telemetry
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```
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**868 MHz (Europe) Characteristics**:
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- ✓ Higher bandwidth than 433MHz
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- ✓ Less crowded than 433MHz
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- ✓ Good for data-intensive apps
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- ✓ Better for smart meters
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- ✗ Reduced range vs 433MHz
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- ✗ Less building penetration
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**915 MHz (North America) Characteristics**:
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- ✓ Wide bandwidth (902-928 MHz)
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- ✓ Good for industrial IoT
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- ✓ High data rates possible
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- ✗ More interference in urban areas
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- ✗ Less building penetration
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**Common Protocols**:
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- LoRa (chirp spread spectrum)
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- WMBUS (Wireless M-Bus)
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- Z-Wave
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- ZigBee (900MHz)
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- Proprietary SCADA protocols
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**Device Categories**:
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- ⚡ Smart meters (electricity, gas, water)
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- 📡 LoRa sensors (agriculture, city infrastructure)
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- 🏭 Industrial telemetry
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- 🏠 Z-Wave home automation
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- 🏷️ RFID tags (logistics, inventory)
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---
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## Device Type to Frequency Quick Reference
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### By Device Category
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#### 🚗 Automotive
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- **TPMS**: 313-316 MHz (NA), 433 MHz (EU)
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- **Car Key Fobs**: 315 MHz (NA), 433 MHz (EU/Asia)
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- **Remote Start**: 315 MHz (NA), 433 MHz (EU)
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#### 🏠 Home Automation
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- **Garage Door Openers**: 315 MHz (NA), 390 MHz (Chamberlain), 433 MHz (EU)
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- **Gate Openers**: 433.92 MHz (Nice, FAAC, Somfy)
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- **Smart Plugs**: 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Z-Wave), 915 MHz (ZigBee)
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- **Motorized Blinds**: 433.42 MHz (Somfy RTS)
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- **Doorbells**: 315 MHz (NA), 433 MHz (EU)
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#### 🌡️ Environmental Sensors
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- **Weather Stations**: 433.92 MHz (Oregon Scientific, Acurite, LaCrosse)
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- **Temperature Sensors**: 433 MHz
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- **Humidity Sensors**: 433 MHz
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- **Rain Gauges**: 433 MHz
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#### 🔐 Security Systems
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- **Door/Window Sensors**: 315 MHz (NA), 345 MHz (Honeywell), 319.5 MHz (GE)
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- **Motion Detectors**: 315 MHz, 433 MHz
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- **Glass Break Sensors**: 433 MHz
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- **Panic Buttons**: 433 MHz
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- **Alarm Panels**: 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (NA)
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#### ⚡ Utility/Smart Meters
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- **Electricity Meters**: 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (NA)
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- **Gas Meters**: 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (NA)
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- **Water Meters**: 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (NA)
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- **AMR Systems**: 915 MHz
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#### 📡 Industrial IoT
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- **SCADA Systems**: 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (NA)
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- **Telemetry**: 915 MHz
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- **LoRa Sensors**: 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (NA)
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- **Asset Tracking**: 915 MHz (RFID)
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- **Industrial Remotes**: 433 MHz
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---
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## Regional Frequency Regulations
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### North America (FCC Part 15)
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- **Primary**: 315 MHz, 915 MHz
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- **Power Limits**:
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- 315 MHz: 50 mV/m at 3 meters
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- 915 MHz: 50 mV/m at 3 meters
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- **Duty Cycle**: Unlimited
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### Europe (ETSI EN 300 220)
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- **Primary**: 433 MHz, 868 MHz
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- **Power Limits**:
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- 433 MHz: 10 mW ERP
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- 868 MHz: 25 mW ERP (varies by sub-band)
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- **Duty Cycle**:
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- 433 MHz: 10% or 1%
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- 868 MHz: 1% or 10% (depends on sub-band)
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### Asia/Australia
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- **Primary**: 315 MHz, 433 MHz, 915 MHz
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- **Varies by country**: Check local regulations
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---
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## Modulation by Frequency
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### 315 MHz
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- **Primary**: OOK (On-Off Keying)
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- **Secondary**: ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
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- **Encoding**: PWM, PPM
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- **Reason**: Simple, cheap, low power
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### 433 MHz
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- **Primary**: OOK, ASK
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- **Secondary**: FSK (modern devices)
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- **Encoding**: PWM (most common), Manchester (weather stations), PPM
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- **Reason**: Best balance of simplicity and reliability
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### 868/915 MHz
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- **Primary**: FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
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- **Secondary**: LoRa CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum)
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- **Encoding**: Manchester, GFSK, LoRa modulation
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- **Reason**: Higher data rates, better noise immunity required
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---
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## Protocol Prevalence Chart
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### Most Common Protocols by Frequency
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**315 MHz (North America)**:
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1. Princeton/PT2260 (60%)
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2. EV1527 (20%)
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3. Keeloq (10%)
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4. Proprietary (10%)
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**433 MHz (Global)**:
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1. EV1527 (30%) - Cheap Chinese devices
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2. Oregon Scientific (15%) - Weather stations
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3. Princeton/PT2260 (15%) - Generic remotes
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4. Acurite (10%) - Weather sensors
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5. LaCrosse (8%) - Temperature sensors
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6. Somfy RTS (5%) - Motorized blinds
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7. Nice Flor-S (5%) - Gate openers
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8. Keeloq/HCS301 (5%) - Encrypted remotes
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9. Other (7%)
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**868 MHz (Europe)**:
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1. WMBUS (30%) - Smart meters
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2. LoRa (25%) - IoT sensors
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3. Z-Wave (20%) - Home automation
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4. Proprietary SCADA (15%)
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5. Other (10%)
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**915 MHz (North America)**:
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1. LoRa (30%) - IoT sensors
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2. RFID (25%) - Asset tracking
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3. ZigBee (15%) - Industrial
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4. WMBUS (15%) - Smart meters
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5. Proprietary (15%)
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---
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## Signal Strength and Range
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### Typical Ranges by Frequency
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```
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Frequency │ Indoor Range │ Outdoor Range (LOS) │ Penetration
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───────────┼────────────────┼───────────────────────┼──────────────
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315 MHz │ 50-100m │ 300-500m │ Excellent
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433 MHz │ 30-100m │ 200-500m │ Very Good
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868 MHz │ 20-80m │ 150-400m │ Good
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915 MHz │ 20-80m │ 150-400m │ Good
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LoRa 868 │ 1-5km │ 10-20km │ Excellent
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LoRa 915 │ 1-5km │ 10-20km │ Excellent
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```
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**Factors Affecting Range**:
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- Lower frequency = better penetration
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- Higher power = more range (within legal limits)
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- Modulation type (FSK better than OOK)
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- Antenna quality and placement
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- Environmental obstacles (walls, metal, trees)
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- Interference from other devices
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---
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## Usage Recommendations for GigLez
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### Device Attribution Strategy
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**High Confidence (0.9-1.0)**:
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- 433.42 MHz + OOK → **Somfy RTS blinds**
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- 433.92 MHz + Manchester + Oregon protocol → **Oregon Scientific weather station**
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- 315 MHz + Keeloq → **Car key fob** (North America)
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- 868 MHz + WMBUS protocol → **Smart meter** (Europe)
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**Medium Confidence (0.7-0.9)**:
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- 433 MHz + PWM + 24-bit → **EV1527 remote/sensor**
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- 315 MHz + PWM → **Generic garage door opener**
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- 433 MHz + FSK → **Modern car key fob**
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**Low Confidence (0.5-0.7)**:
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- 433 MHz + unknown protocol → **Consumer RF device** (remote, sensor, doorbell)
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- 915 MHz + FSK → **Industrial sensor or meter** (North America)
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### Frequency-Based Categorization
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```python
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def categorize_by_frequency(frequency: int, region: str = 'NA') -> List[str]:
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"""
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Return likely device categories based on frequency
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"""
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categories = []
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if 313_000_000 <= frequency <= 316_000_000:
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categories.append('TPMS')
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if region == 'NA':
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categories.extend(['Garage Door', 'Car Key Fob', 'Security Sensor'])
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elif 319_000_000 <= frequency <= 320_000_000:
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categories.append('GE/Interlogix Security Sensor')
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elif 344_000_000 <= frequency <= 346_000_000:
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categories.append('Honeywell Security Sensor')
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elif 389_000_000 <= frequency <= 391_000_000:
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categories.append('Chamberlain Garage Door')
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elif 433_050_000 <= frequency <= 434_790_000:
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categories.extend([
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'Weather Station',
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'Remote Control',
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'Wireless Sensor',
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'Car Key Fob',
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'Doorbell',
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'Security Sensor'
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])
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# Narrow down by exact frequency
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if 433_410_000 <= frequency <= 433_430_000:
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categories.insert(0, 'Somfy RTS Blind')
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elif 433_910_000 <= frequency <= 433_930_000:
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categories.insert(0, 'Generic 433MHz Device (most common)')
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elif 868_000_000 <= frequency <= 870_000_000:
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if region == 'EU':
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categories.extend([
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'Smart Meter',
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'LoRa Sensor',
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'Z-Wave Device',
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'Alarm System'
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])
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elif 902_000_000 <= frequency <= 928_000_000:
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if region == 'NA':
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categories.extend([
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'RFID Tag',
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'LoRa Sensor',
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'Smart Meter',
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'ZigBee Device',
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'Industrial Sensor'
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])
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return categories
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```
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---
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## Summary
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### Key Takeaways
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1. **433 MHz is king**: Most SubGhz devices use 433MHz (Europe/Asia/Australia)
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2. **315 MHz for North America**: Security and automotive in NA
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3. **868/915 MHz for advanced**: Smart meters, LoRa, industrial
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4. **Frequency + Modulation + Protocol** = High-confidence ID
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5. **Geographic region matters**: 315/915 (NA) vs 433/868 (EU)
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### Attribution Confidence Factors
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**Increases Confidence**:
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- ✓ Exact frequency match (±5kHz)
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- ✓ Known protocol decoded
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- ✓ Checksum validation passed
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- ✓ Modulation type matches
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- ✓ Bit length matches
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- ✓ Timing characteristics match
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**Decreases Confidence**:
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- ✗ RAW signal (no protocol decode)
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- ✗ Frequency mismatch
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- ✗ Unknown modulation
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- ✗ No checksum validation
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- ✗ Timing variations
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---
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## Resources
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- **Frequency Database**: https://www.sigidwiki.com/
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- **FCC OET**: https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid
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- **RTL_433 Protocols**: https://github.com/merbanan/rtl_433/tree/master/src/devices
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- **Flipper Zero DB**: https://github.com/Zero-Sploit/FlipperZero-Subghz-DB
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- **ISM Bands**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_radio_band
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