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Verified the dirty_cow fix end-to-end on a genuinely Dirty-COW-vulnerable mainline 4.8.0 kernel (installed the kernel.ubuntu.com 4.8.0 deb on a 16.04 image + virtio-rng for entropy). A standalone built verbatim from the module's primitive + escalation raced root's password field, authenticated as root over a pty, planted a root-owned setuid bash, and left /etc/passwd byte-identical. (The full skeletonkey binary won't compile on xenial's 4.4-era uapi headers — unrelated nft_* modules use newer kernel constants — so the verbatim standalone stands in for --exploit dirty_cow there.) Robustness fix (both dirty_cow AND dirty_pipe): the su-over-pty step now POLLS for the password prompt and hard-caps at 20s. The previous fixed-delay write raced su's prompt setup and HUNG on xenial; without a cap that would block the revert and leave /etc/passwd poisoned. Now su can never hang the module, and the revert always runs. Also: netfilter_xtcompat now includes <linux/if.h> for IFNAMSIZ (ip_tables.h doesn't pull it transitively on older kernel headers, e.g. Ubuntu 16.04) — a real portability fix surfaced by building on xenial. Host build + unit harness green (33 + 115). Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_0118iUgHY44hdRtANgyCmu7y